• General Notes

  Before proceeding 'to take up the life of "Councillor" John Lewis, son of Maj. John and Isabella (Miller) Lewis, we may digress to examine into the ancestry of his bonwife Elizabeth (Warner) Lewis. In this digression we will study briefly the Virginia history of those families whose early members were contemporaries of the earliest Lewis' in Virginia, and are likewise ancestors of the entire Warner Hall family of Lewis.
  
  In 1591 there was born in France one who was to become an important figure in the early history of the Virginia colony-Nicolas Martiau, a Huguenot. While still quite young Nicolas Martiau went to England, where he fell under the influence of the powerful Earl of Huntingdon. At the latter's instance, Martian was educated as a military engineer—for it will be remembered that in this era of Vauban, engineering as a profession was still largely confined to military engineering, especially fortification. During his life in England Martiau also became a naturalized Englishman; and as he later held various offices in Virginia, his naturalization was plainly of the special form granted only by royal decree, which form alone permitted the recipient to hold office and enjoy certain other privileges.
  
  The Earl of Huntingdon was one of the members of the Virginia Company, that private corporation which was entirely responsible for the initial colonization and development of Virginia. About the year 1619 the colonists petitioned the Company for an expert to be sent to Virginia to plan and construct fortifications, badly needed for defense against the Indians. Huntingdon, we may be sure, was instrumental in securing the appointment of his young protege to this position; and in June of 1620 Martiau arrived in Virginia, where he continued to act as representative for the Earl's extensive interests. The Virginia Census of 1624 shows "Capt. Niccolas Martue" as having come to Virginia in the "Francis Bonaventure", sailing from England on May 11, 1620.
  
  In Virginia Martian was given the rank of Captain in the militia and put in charge of the work of planning fortifications. It is interesting to note that three places were selected by him for immediate fortification; and of the three one was Old Point Comfort, now the site of our principal fort for the defense of Chesapeake Bay: Fort Monroe, Virginia. After the disastrous uprising and massacre by the Indians in 1622 he was stationed with a company of the militia at Falling Creek, well up the James River.
  
  Martiau first resided at Elizabeth City; and from this community he was elected a member of the House of Burgesses, sitting in the Assembly of 1623-4 (Journals of the House of Burgesses 1619 1658/9, Pp. viii et al.). In 1624 or 1625 he married the young Jane Berkeley, widow of Lieut. Edward Berkeley; the exact date of the marriage is not known, but on December 12, 1625 Martiau wrote to the Earl of Huntingdon: "I am now both a husband and a father". At Elizabeth City, in 1625, was born Elizabeth Martiau, the oldest child of Nicolas and Jane Martiau; and the family continued to reside at Elizabeth City for several years after this event.
  
  Martiau became the possessor of a considerable amount of land in Virginia during the course of his lifetime. About the time of his marriage he acquired a large tract which included the present city of Yorktown. It is noteworthy that Martiau was the earliest Virginia ancestor of George Washington, among others; and when Washington in 1781 proceeded against Cornwallis at Yorktown he camped his troops on land previously owned by his ancestor-and the surrender of Cornwallis took place also on the old Martiau tract. In 1630 the Martiau family took up its residence permanently on this tract at Yorktown, then called "Kiskyake" or "Cheskiacke". Nicolas Martiau was again elected to the House of Burgesses as the representative of Kiskyake and the Isle of Kent, sitting in the Assemblies of 1631-2, 1632 (beginning Sept. 4th), and 1632-3 (assembled Feb. 1, 1633) (Ibid., Pp. xii, xiii, xiv). He was appointed by Governor Harvey as a Justice of York County, which office he held for more than twenty years; his first appearance as a member of York County Court was on July 12, 1633, and his last appearance on September 24, 1655.
  
  As indicated above, Martiau played an important part in the political life of Virginia in his day. One of his minor appointments in 1639 was as one of the Tobacco Viewers for Charles River County "Men of Experience and in dignity for the Carefull Viewing of each Man's crop of Tobacco"-the Viewers being selected by the Assembly (Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 5, P. 119). Nor did he fail to increase his land holdings. In March of 1639 "Captain Nicholas" Martiau was granted 1300 acres in the County of Charles River; of this tract 700 acres was granted for the transportation into the colony of fourteen persons, while 600 acres was granted for the migration of himself, his wife and ten persons to Chiskiack in its first year (Ibid., Vol. 14, P. 191). Chiskiack, or Yorktown; was at first a frontier settlement, exposed to attack by Indians, and grants of land were given to those who would settle there; but in 1644 this danger was removed by the migration of the Chiskiack Indians from the York River to the Pianketank, where the tribe died out. Martiau also secured two grants of land in Westmoreland County-one in 1654, and one in the following year-each grant being for two thousand acres (Westmoreland Deed Book No. 3, Pp. 312, 363).
  
  Undoubtedly the most important part in Virginia history played by Capt. Nicolas Martiau was in connection with the ejection of Governor Harvey. Opposition to Harvey's methods and high-handedness became general in the colony during the winter of 1634-5, and meetings were held at various places to voice this opposition. Meetings were at the Martiau home, among others; and this led to the arrest by the governor of Martiau, Capt. Francis Pott, and Sheriff William English of York. These three were placed in irons by order of Harvey, who announced his intention of hanging them; but the opposition to him was so strong, even in the Council and House of Burgesses, that he was forced to release them; and Harvey was himself placed under a heavy guard. Being reduced to ineffectiveness as governor, Harvey was forced to return to England to appeal for the support of the Crown in his struggle with the colonists. He returned for a time to Virginia, bringing with him the young George Reade of whom we shall hear more later; but his views were so arbitrary and unsympathetic that he was soon forced to leave Virginia for a second and final time. George Reade had become acting Secretary of State of the colony in the absence of Richard Kemp, then in England, and upon Harvey's final departure Reade became acting governor. Martiau was one of the outstanding leaders in the movement of the colonists which caused Harvey's deposition.
  
  In going over the early records mentioning Martiau's name, searchers originally believed the spelling of his name to be Martian; and for a number of years he was referred to as Nicholas Martian. However, there have come to light a considerable number of documents bearing his signature-and it is unmistakeably "Nicolas Martiau".
  
  Nothing is known of the ancestry of Nicolas Martiau's wife, who was the widow Jane Berkeley at the time of her marriage to him. Her first husband, Lieut. Edward Berkeley, was a member of the Berkeley family which founded the first iron works in the colony at Falling Creek; and he was living at the time of the Muster of 1624 (Feb. 16, 1623/4) (Hotten, P. 184) ; but no record of his marriage exists, and there is no other evidence of Jane Martian's maiden name or origin. She came to Virginia in the ship "Seaflower" ("Seafloure"), as shown by the Muster of 1624, arriving in February 1621/2. It has been said that she may have been one of the "Doves" who were imported to Virginia to become wives to the colonists; but a thorough survey of the facts shows this to have been an impossibility (Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 42, P. 145). The minutes of the Council and General Court of Virginia for July 5, 1627 relate that "At this court Mrs. Jane Martiau delivered in an Inventory of the Estate of Left. Eduard Bartley, deceased, upon her oath."
  
  Our principal concern is with Elizabeth Martiau, the oldest daughter, who was born at Elizabeth City in 1625. She married Col. George Reade, and through this marriage became an ancestress of the Lewis family to which she transmitted the Martiau ancestry. The history of Col. George and Elizabeth (Martiau) Reade is taken up in more detail in the next chapter.
  
  Four years ago there was unveiled at the site of the old Martiau house in Yorktown a suitable monument to the memory of Capt. Nicolas Martiau. It is a granite slab eleven feet high, and bears a bronze tablet telling of the life of this early Virginia patriot:
  
  "From Captain Nicolas Martiau, 1591-1657 by Jonathan Kennon Smith, 1969.
  
  "Nicholas Martiau [also recorded as Marlier, Martue, Martin, Martian] was a French Huguenot (in church of Threadneedle St.) and was in the service of Henry Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon and member of the Virginia Company, and educated as a military engineer. He was naturalized as an Englishman by royal decree and came to Jamestown aboard the "Francis Bona Venture" in 1620, legally representing the Earl to plan fortifications. He led a foray against the Indians at Falling Creek after the 1622 massacre. He joined the liberal party committed to the Virginia outlook, pleading for continuance of the House of Burgesses in 1623/4.
  
  "After the death of his first wife Jane, Nicholas married Isabella, widow of Robert Felgete & George Beech, in 1646 . Martiau's defense of the French king in an argument with Capt. Thomas Mayhew forced him to take a loyalty oath in Jamestown in 1627. He was granted 600 acres as Chiskiack, which became Yorktown (in 1644, the Cheskiack Indians were moved to the Pianketank, where they would be forced out by Augustine Warner; the tribe seems to have vanished at that point.) He served as Burgess 1632-33, and Justice for York Co. 1633-57. "He, with George Utie and Captain Samuel Matthews, sent the tyrant governor, Harvey, close prisoner back to England." Harvey returned, bringing George Reade—Martiau's future son-in-law—with him, but he was forced back to England again, leaving Reade as Acting Governor. Martiau moved to the present Yorktown site in 1630 on 600 acres, plus 700 for headrights, where he grew tobacco. On this land Cornwallis surrendered his troops to Martiau's great-great-great-grandson, General George Washington in 1781. Martiau later was granted 2000 acres on the south side of the Potomac River, which he gave to Col. George Reade in 1657."
  
  Children of Captain Nicolas Martiau and Jane
      * Elizabeth Martiau+ d. 1686
      * Sarah Martiau
      * Mary Martiau
  
  

Details of Nicholas' family with Jane